We know a lot about little and little about a lot: A contextualized scoping review on injury prevention in alpine ski racing.

BACKGROUND: Our goal was to summarize and contextualize the available literature on alpine ski racing injury epidemiology, injury etiology, injury prevention measures, injury prevention context, and implementation issues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched four electronic databases using predetermined search terms. We included original studies that assessed injury, injury risk factors, and injury mechanisms, and assessed and reported the effect of an injury prevention measure in alpine ski racing. Two authors independently conducted title-abstract screening, and one performed the full-text review. For data synthesis and categorization, we used the Translating Research into the Injury Prevention Practice framework and a modified and adapted version of the Haddon matrix. RESULTS: Of the 157 included studies, most corresponded to injury epidemiology and etiology, whereas few studies encompassed injury prevention measure development, implementation and evaluation. Preventive interventions targeting equipment, rules and regulations, course design and snow preparation were the most prevalent in the literature. Furthermore, various contextual factors in the current literature have been found, including gender, competition level, countries and federations, and time periods within a season. CONCLUSIONS: We provided an in-depth and comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in the alpine ski racing context. We know a lot about little and little about a lot across all the areas associated with injury prevention in such context. The limitations in the literature yield a road map for designing future injury prevention studies to address the key gaps identified. A more comprehensive context-driven approach throughout all stages of injury prevention would benefit the ultimate implementation of effective preventive strategies.

A graph-based approach can improve keypoint detection of complex poses: a proof-of-concept on injury occurrences in alpine ski racing.

For most applications, 2D keypoint detection works well and offers a simple and fast tool to analyse human movements. However, there remain many situations where even the best state-of-the-art algorithms reach their limits and fail to detect human keypoints correctly. Such situations may occur especially when individual body parts are occluded, twisted, or when the whole person is flipped. Especially when analysing injuries in alpine ski racing, such twisted and rotated body positions occur frequently. To improve the detection of keypoints for this application, we developed a novel method that refines keypoint estimates by rotating the input videos. We select the best rotation for every frame with a graph-based global solver. Thereby, we improve keypoint detection of an arbitrary pose estimation algorithm, in particular for 'hard' keypoints. In the current proof-of-concept study, we show that our approach outperforms standard keypoint detection results in all categories and in all metrics, in injury-related out-of-balance and fall situations by a large margin as well as previous methods, in performance and robustness. The Injury Ski II dataset was made publicly available, aiming to facilitate the investigation of sports accidents based on computer vision in the future.

A 17-Year-Old Male With Hypoxemia After Long-Bone Fracture.

CASE PRESENTATION: An otherwise healthy 17-year-old male patient presented to a periphery hospital with a compound fracture of the right distal tibia and fibula after a traumatic accident on a ski trip. He was treated empirically with IV cefazolin before undergoing open reduction with internal fixation with intramedullary nail for surgical fixation. Postoperatively, he became febrile, tachypneic, and hypoxemic, requiring up to 6 L/min supplemental oxygen by nasal prongs. He reported mild chest discomfort but denied productive cough, hemoptysis, or calf tenderness. Because of nonresolving oxygen demands, on postoperative day (POD) 4, he was transferred to a tertiary care center for further management.

Impact of Environmental Factors on the ACL Injury Risk in Recreational Alpine Skiing.

In recreational alpine skiing, an ACL injury represents the most common injury. Skiing is a complex activity where the skier interacts with the environment, such as weather, snow conditions, temperature, etc. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of environmental factors on ACL injury risk in recreational alpine skiers. Among a cohort of 392 ACL-injured skiers and 392 uninjured controls matched for sex and skiing skill, environmental factors were collected by questionnaire. Factors included weather conditions, snow conditions, perceived temperature, and slope difficulty at the time-point of the accident (ACL-injured skiers) or of questioning during the ski day (uninjured controls).Multiple logistic regression revealed that in addition to age, five environmental factors were significantly predictive of an ACL injury: fresh snow (OR 10.5), grippy snow (OR 7.8), icy slope condition (OR 12.4), very cold/cold perceived temperature (OR 1.6), and skiing on easy slopes (OR 6.9). In conclusion, besides age, environmental factors such as fresh and grippy snow, icy slope conditions, low temperatures, and flat slopes are associated with an increased ACL injury risk in recreational alpine skiing. Those factors are at least partly modifiable and should be taken into consideration for preventive strategies.

History of Avalanches in the Eastern Spanish Pyrenees.

Avalanches have caused injuries and deaths in mountain areas throughout history. We have examined the historical effects of avalanches on communities in the eastern Spanish Pyrenees. Surviving written records began in the year 1444 when an avalanche destroyed the village of Gessa. Many other avalanches since then have destroyed houses and other buildings and have caused injuries and deaths. In the 20th and 21st centuries, many villages evolved from agrarian areas to destinations for winter sports. The first known deaths during winter recreation likely occurred in 1930. Because of avalanche mitigation efforts, including relocating settlements, physical barriers, avalanche control measures, efforts to increase avalanche awareness, and avalanche warnings, avalanches now seldom affect inhabited areas in the eastern Spanish Pyrenees. Avalanche injuries and fatalities are now mainly limited to backcountry skiers and others traveling out of bounds near avalanche-controlled ski resorts.

Ski and snowboard injury patterns in the United States from 2010 to 2020 in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents are at higher risk of injuries from winter sports like skiing and snowboarding which can cause severe lifelong debilitation and death. PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to perform a nationwide analysis of pediatric skiing and snowboarding injuries to identify patterns regarding patient demographics, type of injuries, outcomes, and admission rates. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive Epidemiological Study. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of publicly available data. Cases were sourced from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from 2010 to 2020 and included 6421 incidents. RESULTS: Even when the highest percentage of injuries was the head at 19.30%; the diagnosis of concussion was placed third while fractures were the most common diagnosis at 38.20%. The proportion of pediatric incidents by hospital type is changing with children's hospitals currently managing the majority of cases. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can assist clinicians in the ED across different hospital types in understanding the patterns of injury to be better prepared for new cases.

Winter Sports Injuries in Elite Female Athletes: A Narrative Review.

There is a lack of reviews covering the topic of the parallel high prevalence of injuries in female winter sport elite athletes. We aimed to review the data on incidence and patterns of injuries in female athletes participating in official competitions of winter sports. We conducted a comprehensive literature search on epidemiological data and etiological information on alpine skiing, snowboarding, ski jumping and cross-country skiing. The most common location of injury was the knee among skiers and ski jumpers and the incidence of severe ACL events was 7.6 per 100 ski racers per season (95% CI 6.6 to 8.9) in female alpine skiers. Snowboarders and cross-country skiers were more affected in the ankle and the foot. The most common cause was contact trauma with stagnant objects. The injury risk factors include training volume, knee pre-injuries, the period of the season and the technical equipment. Females are at greater risk of suffering from overuse injuries during the competitive season, as opposed to male athletes who are more likely to suffer from traumatic injuries. Our findings can be used to inform coaches and athletes and to guide future injury prevention plans.

Incidence of alpine skiing and snowboarding injuries.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of injuries on alpine ski slopes have been assessed using various methods. A decline in injury rate has been observed throughout the literature; however, the actual incidence remains unclear. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the incidence of skiing and snowboarding injuries using large-sample data from an entire geographic state. METHODS: Data on alpine injuries over the course of five winter seasons between 2017 and 2022 were prospectively collected from the emergency service dispatch center of Tyrol (Austria). The incidence of injuries was assessed in relation to the number of skier days, which was obtained from the chamber of commerce. RESULTS: A total of 43,283 cases were identified, and a total of 98.1 Mio skier days were registered during the inclusion period of our study, resulting in an overall incidence of 0.44 injuries per 1,000 skier days. This is significantly less than reported from previous studies. From 2017/18 to 2021/22 there was a slight increase in injuries per 1000 skier days with an exception only for the COVID-19 related season 2020/21. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a significant reduction in the incidence of alpine skiing and snowboarding injuries in comparison with previous studies and should be considered a benchmark for future studies. Long-term studies on the efficacy of safety gear, as well as the influence of ski patrol and air-borne rescues on patient outcome are warranted.

Muscular Fatigue and Quadriceps-to-Hamstring Ratio in Alpine Skiing in Women over 40 Years.

(1) Background: In alpine skiing, senior athletes and especially women have a high risk of knee injury. This may also be related to muscular fatigue (MF) of the knee-stabilizing thigh muscles. This study investigates both the evolution of muscle activity (MA) and of MF of the thighs throughout an entire skiing day. (2) Methods: n = 38 female recreational skiers over 40 years of age performed four specific skiing tasks (plough turns, V-steps uphill, turns with short, and middle radii) at specific times, while freely skiing the rest of the day. Surface EMG of the thigh muscle groups (quadriceps and hamstrings) was measured using special wearables (EMG pants). Apart from standard muscle activity parameters, the EMG data were also processed in the frequency domain to calculate the mean frequency and its shift over the day as a metric of muscle fatigue. (3) Results: The EMG pants showed reliable signal quality over the entire day, with BMI not impacting this. MF increased during skiing before and for both muscle groups significantly (p < 0.006) during lunch. MF, however, was not reflected in the quadriceps-hamstrings ratio. The plough manoeuvre seems to require significantly (p < 0.003) more muscle dynamics than the three other tasks. (4) Conclusion: MF may be quantified over an entire skiing day and thus fatigue information could be given to the skier. This is of major importance for skiers at the beginner level dominantly performing plough turns. Crucial for all skiers: There is no regenerative effect of a 45-min lunch break.

Managing Accident Prevention in Ski Resorts: Participants' Actual Velocities in Slow Zones.

Velocity is one of the main factors affecting the kinematic of snow sports' accidents and the severity of resulting injuries. The aims of the present study were to measure the actual maximum velocities attained by a sample of snow sports participants in slow zones, to compare them to the recommended velocity limits and to assess whether their velocities were in any way related to their personal characteristics and to environmental conditions. Data were drawn from a sample of 1023 recreational skiers and snowboarders during the 2021-2022 winter season at four ski resorts located in the Spanish Pyrenees. Maximum velocity measurements were taken by the authors with a radar speed gun whose precision had been previously validated. Bivariate analysis tests were used to compare the influence that personal characteristics and environmental conditions had on the participants' maximum velocities. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis was performed. The binary logistic regression was used to distinguish the categories of personal and environmental factors that have the highest probabilities of impact on different segments of velocity. As generally accepted, probability values were two-tailed, and values of 0.05 or less were regarded as statistically significant. Participants' mean measured maximum velocity (±SD) was 51.61 (±16.14) km/h. A vast majority of the participants in this study traveled in slow zones at actual maximum velocities well over the recommended limits. Multivariate analysis showed that modality and both environmental conditions (visibility and snow quality) were highly significant and can be used to explain the chances of an increase in velocity in slow zones. Further research is needed to investigate causal relationships between skiers and snowboarders' accidents, injuries and disrespect for velocity limits.

Are Different Aged Youth Skiers and Snowboarders Experiencing Different Injury Characteristics?

INTRODUCTION: Skiing and snowboarding are popular winter sports with significant youth participation and inherent potential for injury. We investigated the relationship between age and injury characteristics exhibited by youth skiers and snowboarders. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we investigated injury characteristics among youth skiers and snowboarders at a ski resort, examining the association between age and injury type. We compared injury characteristics among young children (aged 3-6 y), school-aged children (aged 7-14 y), and older adolescents (aged 15-17 y) using χ2, and examined predictive variables for injuries at different anatomical locations using logistic regression. RESULTS: Compared with snowboarding, skiing was associated with greater odds of lower extremity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=6.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.89, 9.47, P<0.001) and head/face/neck (aOR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.21, P=0.002) injuries. Compared with skiing, snowboarding was associated with greater odds of upper extremity injury (aOR=5.9, 95% CI: 4.6, 7.6, P<0.001). Age group significantly affected injury mechanism (χ2 [df=12, n=1129]=42.882, P<0.0001) and diagnosis (χ2 [df=12, n=1129]=43.093, P<0.0001). Young child skiers had the highest proportion of injuries to the head/neck/face and lower extremities and a significantly higher proportion of collision injuries and fractures than older skiers. Young child skiers most frequently injured the lower leg/ankle, while older skiers most frequently injured the knee. CONCLUSIONS: Youth skiers exhibited predominately lower extremity injuries, while snowboarders exhibited predominately upper extremity injuries. Age significantly affected injury mechanism and injury diagnosis in youth skiers. Specifically, younger skiers tended to suffer more fractures and collision injuries than older youth skiers.

Clinical characteristics of patients with snow sports trauma transported to a trauma care center: A retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Snow sports are a popular recreational activity; however, the incidence of injury of snow sports can be high for skiers and snowboarders. Our hospital receives severe trauma cases from snow resorts and hospitals throughout the region. This study aimed to determine whether the risk of snow sports-related major trauma that requires emergency surgery under general anesthesia varies by the equipment and injury mechanism. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients with snow sports trauma referred to Gifu University Hospital, Japan between November 2010 and March 2020. We analyzed the need for emergency operation under general anesthesia within 24 h using Fisher's exact test. We identified 106 patients: (1) 90 in the snowboarders' group and 16 in the skiers' group or (2) 46 in the fall after jumping group (jumping group), 27 in the collide with other people and obstacle group (collision group), and 33 in the fall during gliding group (gliding group). RESULTS: Snowboarders were nearly twice as likely as skiers to require emergency surgery under general anesthesia (44% vs. 25%; p = 0.236]. No significant associations were found between emergency surgery under general anesthesia and injury mechanism, but half of the patients in the jumping group required emergency surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Snowboard as equipment and falls after jumping as a mechanism of injury tended to be associated with emergency surgery under general anesthesia, with no significant differences. In order to provide adequate resources for snow sports trauma, the cause of the patient's injury is strongly related to the urgency of the condition, and transport to a trauma center should be actively considered. Further studies are warranted with respect to the effects of personal protective equipment and skill level.

Pelvic ring injuries after alpine ski and snowboard accidents.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the patient/injury characteristics and associated hospital course of patients sustaining traumatic pelvic ring injuries after alpine ski and snowboard accidents at a level one trauma center in the Rocky Mountain region. METHODS: Patient/injury characteristics were obtained from patients presenting with pelvic ring injuries after alpine ski (n = 55) and snowboard (n = 9) accidents. Characteristics and outcomes analyzed included mechanism of injury, pelvic ring classification (Young-Burgess and Tile), hospital admission, physical therapy (PT) clearance, ambulation, length of stay, inpatient morphine milligram equivalents (MME), and discharges to rehabilitation facility. RESULTS: Snowboarders were more often younger, male, tobacco/substance users, and more likely to be injured by a fall from height than skiers. There were no differences in injury classification or hospital course outcomes between alpine sports. Most common injuries included lateral compression type 1 (LC1) injuries (37.5%), isolated pubic ramus fractures (31.3%), and isolated iliac wing fractures (15.6%). LC1 injuries were unstable in 50% of cases and associated with increased admissions (proportional difference: 47.5%, CI: 23.8-64.5%, p = 0.0002), longer time to PT clearance (median difference(MD): 1.0 day, CI: 0-2.0, p = 0.03), longer LOS (MD: 2.0, CI: 0-2.0, p = 0.02), and increased inpatient MMEs (MD: 197.9 MME, CI: 30.0-420.0, p = 0.02), as compared to other pelvic ring injuries. CONCLUSION: The majority of pelvic ring injuries from alpine ski and snowboard accidents were LC1 injuries, half of which were unstable, resulting in longer hospital stays, time to PT clearance/ambulation, and opioid use.

Winter sport musculoskeletal injuries: epidemiology and factors predicting hospital admission.

INTRODUCTION: Participation in winter sports such as skiing, snowboarding and snowmobiling is associated with risk of musculoskeletal injury. The purpose of our study was to describe and quantify emergency department encounters associated with these sports. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried for skiing-, snowboarding- and snowmobiling-related injuries from 2009 to 2018. Patient demographics and disposition data were collected from emergency department encounters. Descriptive statistics were utilized to describe the trends in injuries from each sport and factors associated with the sports-specific injuries. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2018, there were an estimated 156,353 injuries related to snowboarding, skiing, or snowmobiling. Estimated injury incidence per 100,000 people decreased over time for skiing (3.24-1.23), snowboarding (3.98-1.22,) and snowmobiling (0.71-0.22,). The most common injury location by sport was shoulder for skiing (29.6%), wrist for snowboarding (32.5%) and shoulder for snowmobiling (21.9%), with fractures being the most common diagnosis. Only 4.5% required admission to the hospital. Fracture or dislocation was associated with highest likelihood of hospital admission (OR 42.34; 95% CI 22.59-79.37). Snowmobiling injuries (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.20-2.22) and white race (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.17-1.72) were also both associated with increased risk of hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: Upper extremity injuries, particularly those involving fractures, were more common than lower extremity injuries for all three sports, with the shoulder being the most common location of injury for skiing and snowmobiling. This study can serve as the foundation for future research in sports safety and health policy to continue the declining trend of musculoskeletal injuries in the future. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Comparison and analysis of skiing injuries at ski resorts in Chongli, China and Japan.

PURPOSE: The rapid development of winter sports requires investigation on injuries in Chongli district, Zhangjiakou city, one of the ski sites of the 2022 Winter Olympics. Careful evaluation is required to observe which injuries are caused under what circumstances, and then we can make corresponding preventive measures and recommendations based on the results. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the data of injury cases at ski resorts in China (Chongli district) and Japan were analyzed to provide a reference for the ongoing injury prevention at ski resorts. We collected data on injuries at Wanlong and Fulong ski resorts in Chongli district during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 ski seasons. We referred to the skiing injury report issued in February 2020 of a nationwide ski safety statistical service - Japan Ski Safety Association. The causes of injury and specific injured body parts were analyzed based on the data of Chinese and Japanese ski resorts. Statistical significance has been calculated using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: During the 2019-2020 ski season in Japanese ski resorts, the number of reported injuries per 10,000 skiers was 0.93, of which 457 (17.3%) were over 50 years old, accounting for a large proportion of injuries, meanwhile in Chongli ski resort, the injury rate of skiers aged 50 and over was 7.1%. The knee joint (23.7% at Wanlong ski resort and 28.4% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most injured body part among Chongli and Japanese skiers. Among snowboarders, shoulder joint injury (17.7% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most common, and injury on hands and fingers (16.3% in Wanlong ski resorts) was the most common. Head injury rates are similar in Chongli, China and Japanese ski resorts (8.2% and 8.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrated that injury data recorded among young skiers was higher in Chinese ski resorts (Chongli district) than that in Japanese ski resorts, and elderly skiers made up a larger proportion of skiing injuries in Japanese resorts. Thus, according to our research, the protection of knee joints, shoulder joints, and hands and fingers should be taken seriously. It should pay attention to the teaching of ski poles (for finger protection), and use protective devices such as knee pads, helmets, etc.

Biomechanical evaluation of Back injuries during typical snowboarding backward falls.

To prevent spinal and back injuries in snowboarding, back protector devices (BPDs) have been increasingly used. The biomechanical knowledge for the BPD design and evaluation remains to be explored in snowboarding accident conditions. This study aims to evaluate back-to-snow impact conditions and the associated back injury mechanisms in typical snowboarding backward falls. A previously validated snowboarder multi-body model was first used to evaluate the impact zones on the back and the corresponding impact velocities in a total of 324 snowboarding backward falls. The biomechanical responses during back-to-snow impacts were then evaluated by applying the back-to-snow impact velocity to a full human body finite element model to fall on the snow ground of three levels of stiffness (soft, hard, and icy snow). The mean values of back-to-snow normal and tangential impact velocities were 2.4 m/s and 7.3 m/s with maximum values up to 4.8 m/s and 18.5 m/s. The lower spine had the highest normal impact velocity during snowboarding backward falls. The thoracic spine was found more likely to exceed the limits of flexion-extension range of motions than the lumbar spine during back-to-snow impacts, indicating a higher injury risk. On the hard and icy snow, rib cage and vertebral fractures were predicted at the costal cartilage and the posterior elements of the vertebrae. Despite the possible back injuries, the back-to-snow impact force was always lower than the force thresholds of the current BPD testing standard. The current work provides additional biomechanical knowledge for the future design of back protections for snowboarders.

Bilateral upper extremity trunk model for cross-country sit-skiing double poling propulsion: model development and validation.

The subacromial impingement syndrome is a high-incidence injury for cross-country sit-skiing skier, which is often accompanied by muscle imbalance. However, at present, no musculoskeletal model has been identified for this sport. Thus, this research aimed to establish a bilateral upper extremity trunk (BUET) musculoskeletal model suitable for cross-country sit-skiing based on OpenSim software and verify the function of the model. By splicing three existing OpenSim models, an upper limb model with 17 segments, 35 degrees of freedom, and 472 musculotendon actuators was established. The clavicle and scapula were modeled as individual bodies and then connected to the torso through a three-degrees-of-freedom rotational joint and to the clavicle through a weld joint, respectively. The five lumbar vertebrae were established separately and coupled into a three-degree-of-freedom joint. Kinematics, kinetic, and EMG signal data of five 15-s maximal effort interval tests were obtained by using seven cameras, ergometers, and surface EMG synchronous collection. Based on the resulting rotator cuff muscle geometry of the model, simulated muscle activation patterns were comparable to experimental data, and muscle-driven ability was proven. The model will be available online ( https://simtk.org/projects/bit ) for researchers to study the muscle activation of shoulder joint movement.

Comparison and analysis of skiing injuries at ski resorts in Chongli, China and Japan / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#The rapid development of winter sports requires investigation on injuries in Chongli district, Zhangjiakou city, one of the ski sites of the 2022 Winter Olympics. Careful evaluation is required to observe which injuries are caused under what circumstances, and then we can make corresponding preventive measures and recommendations based on the results.@*METHODS@#In this retrospective study, the data of injury cases at ski resorts in China (Chongli district) and Japan were analyzed to provide a reference for the ongoing injury prevention at ski resorts. We collected data on injuries at Wanlong and Fulong ski resorts in Chongli district during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 ski seasons. We referred to the skiing injury report issued in February 2020 of a nationwide ski safety statistical service - Japan Ski Safety Association. The causes of injury and specific injured body parts were analyzed based on the data of Chinese and Japanese ski resorts. Statistical significance has been calculated using the Chi-square test.@*RESULTS@#During the 2019-2020 ski season in Japanese ski resorts, the number of reported injuries per 10,000 skiers was 0.93, of which 457 (17.3%) were over 50 years old, accounting for a large proportion of injuries, meanwhile in Chongli ski resort, the injury rate of skiers aged 50 and over was 7.1%. The knee joint (23.7% at Wanlong ski resort and 28.4% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most injured body part among Chongli and Japanese skiers. Among snowboarders, shoulder joint injury (17.7% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most common, and injury on hands and fingers (16.3% in Wanlong ski resorts) was the most common. Head injury rates are similar in Chongli, China and Japanese ski resorts (8.2% and 8.7%, respectively).@*CONCLUSION@#Our analysis demonstrated that injury data recorded among young skiers was higher in Chinese ski resorts (Chongli district) than that in Japanese ski resorts, and elderly skiers made up a larger proportion of skiing injuries in Japanese resorts. Thus, according to our research, the protection of knee joints, shoulder joints, and hands and fingers should be taken seriously. It should pay attention to the teaching of ski poles (for finger protection), and use protective devices such as knee pads, helmets, etc.

Muscle injury and sports rehabilitation management in endurance training oriented to winter sports / Lesão muscular e gerenciamento da reabilitação esportiva no treinamento de resistência direcionado aos esportes de inverno / Gestión de las lesiones musculares y de la rehabilitación deportiva en el entrenamiento de resistencia dirigido a los deportes de invierno

ABSTRACT Introduction: Muscle injury in ski sports training has gradually increased, greatly impairing performance in ice and snow sports competitions. Objective: To study muscle injury and muscle movement during ice and snow sports training and the rehabilitation of muscle injuries. Methods: Thirty skiers with knee muscle injuries were selected as subjects and underwent rehabilitation training for six weeks, and the indicators were statistically evaluated. Results: The ski injuries were mainly muscle strain, muscle or ligament strain, and ligament rupture. The indices after treatment were significantly different from those before treatment (P < 0.05); compared with the three rehabilitation programs, the improvement of each index in group C was significantly different from that in the other two groups (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the improvement of each index between the multi-angle isometric training treatment in group A and the proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulation technique in group B (P>0.05). Conclusion: The influence of recovery training technology on knee muscle re-education was proposed, and a rehabilitation plan for skiing was presented. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O quadro de lesão muscular no treinamento esportivo de esqui tem aumentado gradualmente, prejudicando muito o desempenho das competições esportivas de gelo e neve. Objetivo: Estudar a lesão muscular e o movimento muscular durante o treinamento esportivo no gelo e na neve, bem como a reabilitação das lesões musculares. Métodos: Trinta esquiadores com lesão muscular no joelho foram selecionados como sujeitos e submetidos a treinamento de reabilitação por um total de 6 semanas, tendo os indicadores sido avaliados estatisticamente. Resultados: Os tipos de lesões no esqui foram principalmente tensão muscular, tensão muscular ou ligamentar e ruptura ligamentar. Os índices após o tratamento foram significativamente diferentes daqueles antes do tratamento (P < 0,05); comparado com os três programas de reabilitação, a melhora de cada índice no grupo C foi significativamente diferente da dos outros dois grupos (P < 0,05), enquanto não houve diferença significativa na melhora de cada índice entre o tratamento de treinamento isométrico multiangular no grupo A e a técnica de estimulação neuromuscular proprioceptiva no grupo B (P>0,05). Conclusão: A influência da tecnologia de treinamento de recuperação na reeducação muscular do joelho foi proposta, e foi apresentado um plano de reabilitação para a prática de esqui. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El cuadro de lesiones musculares en el entrenamiento de los deportes de esquí ha ido aumentando progresivamente, lo que perjudica en gran medida el rendimiento en las competiciones de deportes de hielo y nieve. Objetivo: Estudiar las lesiones musculares y el movimiento muscular durante el entrenamiento de los deportes de hielo y nieve, así como la rehabilitación de las lesiones musculares. Métodos: Se seleccionaron como sujetos treinta esquiadores con lesiones musculares en la rodilla y se sometieron a un entrenamiento de rehabilitación durante un total de 6 semanas, y se evaluaron estadísticamente los indicadores. Resultados: Los tipos de lesiones de esquí fueron principalmente la distensión muscular, la distensión muscular o de ligamentos y la rotura de ligamentos. Los índices después del tratamiento fueron significativamente diferentes de los anteriores (P < 0,05); en comparación con los tres programas de rehabilitación, la mejora de cada índice en el grupo C fue significativamente diferente de la de los otros dos grupos (P < 0,05), mientras que no hubo diferencias significativas en la mejora de cada índice entre el tratamiento de entrenamiento isométrico multiángulo en el grupo A y la técnica de estimulación neuromuscular propioceptiva en el grupo B (P>0,05). Conclusión: Se propuso la influencia de la tecnología de entrenamiento de recuperación en la reeducación muscular de la rodilla y se presentó un plan de rehabilitación para el esquí. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Prevention of knee joint injuries in winter sports training / Prevenção de lesões articulares do joelho no treino dos esportes de inverno / Prevención de las lesiones articulares de la rodilla en el entrenamiento de los deportes de invierno

ABSTRACT Introduction: With the 2022 Winter Olympic Games launch, ice and snow sports have come into the spotlight, receiving government incentives to encourage their practice. Objective: Examine the causes of knee injury in skiers, proposing preventive measures for joint injury. Methods: The current situation of joint injury in skiers' knees, joint movement in skiing, the cause of joint injury, and the prevention of joint injury were analyzed, and scientific prevention and corresponding treatment plan were developed according to the results of the analysis. Results: The injury rate among skiers is high. Ligament injury, tendon injury, and muscle strain are the three main types of injury. There are 57 mild injuries of various types to the knee joint - 53.27% of all injuries; 41 moderate injuries, representing 38.32% of all injuries; 9 serious injuries, representing 8.41% of all injuries, with minor injuries. Conclusion: This article examines knee motion and the causes of knee injury in skiers and proposes preventive measures for joint injury. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Com o lançamento dos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022, os esportes de gelo e neve entraram em evidência, recebendo incentivos governamentais para encorajamento de sua prática. Objetivo: Examinar as causas da lesão no joelho em esquiadores, propondo medidas preventivas para a lesão articular. Métodos: Foram analisadas a situação atual de lesão articular nos joelhos dos esquiadores, o movimento articular no esqui, a causa das lesões articulares e a prevenção de lesões articulares, além de um plano de prevenção científica e tratamento correspondente, de acordo com os resultados da análise. Resultados: A taxa de lesões em esquiadores é alta. Lesão ligamentar, lesão tendinosa e tensão muscular são os três principais tipos de lesão. Há 57 lesões leves de vários tipos na articulação do joelho - 53,27% de todas as lesões; 41 lesões moderadas, representando 38,32% de todas as lesões; 9 lesões graves, representando 8,41% de todos os ferimentos, com ferimentos menores. Conclusão: Este artigo examina o movimento do joelho e as causas da lesão no joelho em esquiadores, e propõe medidas preventivas para lesão articular. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con la puesta en marcha de los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 2022, los deportes de hielo y nieve han pasado a ser el centro de atención, recibiendo incentivos gubernamentales para fomentar su práctica. Objetivo: Examinar las causas de las lesiones de rodilla en los esquiadores, proponiendo medidas preventivas de las lesiones articulares. Métodos: Se analizó la situación actual de las lesiones articulares en las rodillas de los esquiadores, el movimiento articular en el esquí, la causa de las lesiones articulares y la prevención de las mismas, y se elaboró un plan científico de prevención y tratamiento correspondiente según los resultados del análisis. Resultados: El índice de lesiones en los esquiadores es alto. Las lesiones de ligamentos, las lesiones de tendones y las distensiones musculares son los tres tipos principales de lesiones. Hay 57 lesiones leves de diversos tipos en la articulación de la rodilla, el 53,27% de todas las lesiones; 41 lesiones moderadas, que representan el 38,32% de todas las lesiones; 9 lesiones graves, que representan el 8,41% de todas las lesiones, con lesiones leves. Conclusión: Este artículo examina el movimiento de la rodilla y las causas de las lesiones de rodilla en los esquiadores, y propone medidas preventivas para las lesiones articulares. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.